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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Heart rate</h1>
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				<p><b>Heart rate</b> is the number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">heartbeats</a> per unit of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time">time</a>, typically expressed as <i>beats per minute</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minute" title="Beats per minute" class="mw-redirect">bpm</a>). Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise">exercise</a> or sleep.</p>
<p>The measurement of heart rate is used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_professional" title="Medical professional" class="mw-redirect">medical professionals</a> to assist in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsperson" title="Sportsperson">athletes</a>, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training. The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="R wave">R wave</a> to R wave interval</i> (<i>RR interval</i>) is the inverse of the heart rate.</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
 <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Measuring_heart_rate"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Measuring heart rate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Resting_heart_rate"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Resting heart rate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Maximum_heart_rate"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Maximum heart rate</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Formula_for_maximum_heart_rate"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Formula for maximum heart rate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Target_heart_rate"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Target heart rate</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Karvonen_method"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Karvonen method</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Zoladz_method"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Zoladz method</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Heart_rate_reserve"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Heart rate reserve</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Recovery_heart_rate"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Recovery heart rate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Heart_rate_abnormalities"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Heart rate abnormalities</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Tachycardia"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tachycardia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bradycardia"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bradycardia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Arrhythmia"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Arrhythmia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Ventricular_assist_device"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ventricular assist device</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Heart_rate_as_a_risk_factor"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Heart rate as a risk factor</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Measuring_heart_rate">Measuring heart rate</span></h2>
<p>Heart rate is measured by finding the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse">pulse</a> of the body. This pulse rate can be measured at any point on the body where an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery's</a>
 pulsation is transmitted to the surface—often as it is compressed 
against an underlying structure like bone—by pressuring it with the 
index and middle finger. The thumb should not be used for measuring 
another person's heart rate, as its strong pulse may interfere with 
discriminating the site of pulsation.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Possible points for measuring the heart rate are:</p>
<ol>
<li>The ventral aspect of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist">wrist</a> on the side of the thumb (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_artery">radial artery</a>).</li>
<li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_artery">ulnar artery</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck">neck</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_artery">carotid artery</a>).</li>
<li>The inside of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow">elbow</a>, or under the biceps muscle (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery">brachial artery</a>).</li>
<li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin">groin</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_artery">femoral artery</a>).</li>
<li>Behind the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial malleolus">medial malleolus</a> on the feet (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_tibial_artery">posterior tibial artery</a>).</li>
<li>Middle of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum">dorsum</a> of the foot (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsalis_pedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsalis pedis">dorsalis pedis</a>).</li>
<li>Behind the knee (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteal_artery">popliteal artery</a>).</li>
<li>Over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen">abdomen</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_aorta">abdominal aorta</a>).</li>
<li>The chest (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_of_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of heart">apex of heart</a>), which can be felt with one's hand or fingers. However, it is possible to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultate" class="mw-redirect" title="Auscultate">auscultate</a> the heart using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscope">stethoscope</a>.</li>
<li>The temple (Superficial Temporal Artery)</li>
<li>The lateral edge of the Mandible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_artery">Facial artery</a>.</li>
</ol>
<p>A more precise method of determining pulse involves the use of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiograph">electrocardiograph</a>,
 or ECG (also abbreviated EKG). Continuous electrocardiograph monitoring
 of the heart is routinely done in many clinical settings, especially in
 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_care_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical care medicine">critical care medicine</a>. Commercial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate_monitor" title="Heart rate monitor">heart rate monitors</a> are also available, consisting of a chest strap with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodes">electrodes</a>.
 The signal is transmitted to a wrist receiver for display. Heart rate 
monitors allow accurate measurements to be taken continuously and can be
 used during exercise when manual measurement would be difficult or 
impossible (such as when the hands are being used).</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Resting_heart_rate">Resting heart rate</span></h2>
<p>The <i>resting heart rate</i> (HR<sub>rest</sub>) is a person's heart
 rate when they are at rest, that is lying down but awake, and not 
having recently exerted themselves. The typical healthy resting heart 
rate in adults is 60–80 bpm<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>, with rates below 60 bpm referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>, and rates above 100 bpm referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>. Note however that conditioned athletes often have resting heart rates below 60 bpm. Cyclist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a>
 had a resting HR around 32 bpm, and it is not unusual for people doing 
regular exercise to get below 50 bpm. Other cyclists like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Indurain">Miguel Indurain</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Contador">Alberto Contador</a><sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2010" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> have reported resting heart rates in the mid-20s, with American marathoner <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Hall">Ryan Hall</a> at 29.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">Musical tempo terms</a> reflect levels relative to resting heart rate; <i>Adagio</i> (at ease, at rest) is typically 66–76 bpm, similar to human resting heart rate, while <i>Lento</i> and <i>Largo</i>
 ("Slow") are 40–60 bpm, which reflects that these tempi are slow 
relative to normal human heart rate. Similarly, faster tempi correspond 
to heart rates at higher levels of exertion, such as <i>Andante</i> (walking: 76–108 bpm) and the like.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Maximum_heart_rate"><span id="Measuring_HRmax">Maximum heart rate</span></span></h2>
<p>The <i>maximum heart rate</i> (HR<sub>max</sub>) is the highest heart
 rate an individual can safely achieve through exercise stress, and 
depends on age. The most accurate way of measuring HR<sub>max</sub> is via a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test">cardiac stress test</a>.
 In such a test, the subject exercises while being monitored by an EKG. 
During the test, the intensity of exercise is periodically increased (if
 a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadmill">treadmill</a> is 
being used, through increase in speed or slope of the treadmill), 
continuing until certain changes in heart function are detected in the 
EKG, at which point the subject is directed to stop. Typical durations 
of such a test range from ten to twenty minutes.</p>
<p>Standard textbooks of physiology and medicine mention that heart rate
 (HR) is readily calculated from the ECG as follows: HR = 1,500/RR 
interval in millimeters, HR = 60/RR interval in seconds, or HR = 
300/number of large squares between successive R waves. In each case, 
the authors are actually referring to instantaneous HR, which is the 
number of times the heart would beat if successive RR intervals were 
constant.</p>
<p>Conducting a maximal exercise test can require expensive equipment. 
People just beginning an exercise regimen are normally advised to 
perform this test only in the presence of medical staff due to risks 
associated with high heart rates. For general purposes, people instead 
typically use a formula to estimate their individual maximum heart rate.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Formula_for_maximum_heart_rate"><span id="Formula_for_HRmax">Formula for maximum heart rate</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exercise_zones.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Heart_rate-wikipedia_files/300px-Exercise_zones.png" class="thumbimage" height="200" width="300"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exercise_zones.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="Heart_rate-wikipedia_files/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15"></a></div>
Fox and Haskell formula; widely used.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Various formulas are used to estimate individual maximum heart rates,
 based on age, but maximum heart rates vary significantly between 
individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Even within a single elite sports team, such as Olympic rowers in their 20s, maximum heart rates can vary from 160 to 220.<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>
 This variation is as large as a 60 or 90 year age gap by the linear 
equations given below, and indicates the extreme variation about these 
average figures.</p>
<p>The most common formula encountered, with no indication of standard deviation, is:</p>
<dl>
<dd>HR<sub>max</sub> = 220 − age</dd>
</dl>
<p>This formula has been attributed to various sources, but is widely 
thought to have been devised in 1970 by Dr. William Haskell and Dr. 
Samuel Fox.<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>
 Inquiry into the history of this formula reveals that it was not 
developed from original research, but resulted from observation based on
 data from approximately 11 references consisting of published research 
or unpublished scientific compilations.<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt2-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> It gained widespread use through being used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Electro">Polar Electro</a> in its heart rate monitors,<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> which Dr. Haskell has "laughed about",<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> as it "was never supposed to be an absolute guide to rule people's training."<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>While the most common (and easy to remember and calculate), this 
particular formula is not considered by reputable health and fitness 
professionals to be a good predictor of HR<sub>max</sub>. Despite the 
widespread publication of this formula, research spanning two decades 
reveals its large inherent error (Sxy=7–11 b/min). Consequently, the 
estimation calculated by HR<sub>max</sub>=220−age has neither the accuracy nor the scientific merit for use in exercise physiology and related fields.<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt2-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>A 2002 study<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt2-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> of 43 different formulae for HR<sub>max</sub> (including the one above) concluded the following:</p>
<ol>
<li>No "acceptable" formula currently existed, (they used the term "acceptable" to mean acceptable for both prediction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max" title="VO2 max">VO<sub>2</sub></a>, and prescription of exercise training HR ranges)</li>
<li>The formula deemed least objectionable was:</li>
</ol>
<dl>
<dd>
<dl>
<dd>HR<sub>max</sub> = 205.8 − (0.685 × age)</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dd>This was found to have a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation">standard deviation</a>
 that, although large (6.4&nbsp;bpm), was still considered to be 
acceptable for the use of prescribing exercise training HR ranges.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Other often cited formulae are:</p>
<dl>
<dd>HR<sub>max</sub> = 206.3 − (0.711 × age)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dd>
<dl>
<dd>(Often attributed to "Londeree and Moeschberger from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri">University of Missouri</a>")</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dd>HR<sub>max</sub> = 217 − (0.85 × age)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dd>
<dl>
<dd>(Often attributed to "Miller et al. from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University</a>")</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dd>HR<sub>max</sub> = 208 − (0.7 × age)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dd>
<dl>
<dd>(Another "tweak" to the traditional formula is known as the Tanaka 
method. Based on a study of thousands of individuals, a new formula was 
devised which is believed to be more accurate).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>In 2007, researchers at the Oakland University analysed maximum heart
 rates of 132 individuals recorded yearly over 25 years, and produced a 
linear equation very similar to the Tanaka formula—HR<sub>max</sub> = 206.9 − (0.67 × age)—and a nonlinear equations—HR<sub>max</sub> = 191.5 − (0.007 × age<sup>2</sup>).
 The linear equation had a confidence interval of ±5–8 bpm and the 
nonlinear equation had a tighter range of ±2–5 bpm. Also a third 
nonlinear equation was produced — HR<sub>max</sub> = 163 + (1.16 × age) − (0.018 × age<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>These figures are very much averages, and depend greatly on 
individual physiology and fitness. For example an endurance runner's 
rates will typically be lower due to the increased size of the heart 
required to support the exercise, while a sprinter's rates will be 
higher due to the improved response time and short duration, etc. may 
each have predicted heart rates of 180 (= 220−Age), but these two people
 could have actual Max HR 20 beats apart (e.g. 170–190).</p>
<p>Further, note that individuals of the same age, the same training, in
 the same sport, on the same team, can have actual Max HR 60 bpm apart 
(160 to 220):<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> the range is extremely broad, and some say "The heart rate is probably the least important variable in comparing athletes."<sup id="cite_ref-mhrt_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhrt-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The 2010 research conducted at Northwestern University revised 
maximum heart rate formula for women. According to Martha Gulati et al. 
it is:</p>
<dl>
<dd>HR<sub>max</sub> = 206 − (0.88 × age)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
</dl>
<p>A study from Lund, Sweden gives reference values (obtained during bicycle ergometry) for men</p>
<dl>
<dd>HR<sub>max</sub> = 203.7 / (1 + exp(0.033 x (age - 104.3)))<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
</dl>
<p>and for women</p>
<dl>
<dd>HR<sub>max</sub> = 190.2/(1 + exp (0.0453 * (Age - 107.5)))<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Target_heart_rate">Target heart rate</span></h2>
<p>The <i>target heart rate</i> or <i>training heart rate</i> (THR) is a desired range of heart rate reached during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise">aerobic exercise</a> which enables one's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart">heart</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>
 to receive the most benefit from a workout. This theoretical range 
varies based on one's physical condition, gender, and previous training.
 Below are two ways to calculate one's Target Heart Rate. In each of 
these methods, there is an element called "intensity" which is expressed
 as a percentage. The THR can be calculated as a range of 65%–85% 
intensity. However, it is crucial to derive an accurate HR<sub>max</sub> to ensure these calculations are meaningful (see above).</p>
<p><i>Example for someone with a HR<sub>max</sub> of 180 (age 40, estimating HR<sub>max</sub> as 220 − age):</i><br>
65% intensity: (220 − (age = 40)) × 0.65 → 117 bpm<br>
85% intensity: (220 − (age = 40)) × 0.85 → 153 bpm</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Karvonen_method">Karvonen method</span></h3>
<p>The <i>Karvonen method</i> factors in resting heart rate (HR<sub>rest</sub>) to calculate target heart rate (THR), using a range of 50–85%:</p>
<dl>
<dd>THR = ((HR<sub>max</sub> − HR<sub>rest</sub>) ×&nbsp;%Intensity) + HR<sub>rest</sub></dd>
</dl>
<p>Example for someone with a HR<sub>max</sub> of 180 and a HR<sub>rest</sub> of 70:<br>
50% intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.50) + 70 = 125 bpm<br>
85% intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.85) + 70 = 163 bpm</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Zoladz_method">Zoladz method</span></h3>
<p>An alternative to the Karvonen method is the <i>Zoladz method</i>, which derives exercise zones by subtracting values from HR<sub>max</sub>.</p>
<dl>
<dd>THR = HR<sub>max</sub> – Adjuster ± 5&nbsp;bpm
<dl>
<dd>Zone 1 Adjuster = 50&nbsp;bpm</dd>
<dd>Zone 2 Adjuster = 40&nbsp;bpm</dd>
<dd>Zone 3 Adjuster = 30&nbsp;bpm</dd>
<dd>Zone 4 Adjuster = 20&nbsp;bpm</dd>
<dd>Zone 5 Adjuster = 10&nbsp;bpm</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<p><i>Example for someone with a HR<sub>max</sub> of 180:</i><br>
Zone 1 (easy exercise)&nbsp;: 180 − 50 ± 5 → 125 – 135 bpm<br>
Zone 4 (tough exercise): 180 − 20 ± 5 → 155 – 165 bpm</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Heart_rate_reserve">Heart rate reserve</span></h2>
<p><i>Heart rate reserve</i> (HRR) is a term used to describe the 
difference between a person's measured or predicted maximum heart rate 
and resting heart rate. Some methods of measurement of exercise 
intensity measure percentage of heart rate reserve. Additionally, as a 
person increases their cardiovascular fitness, their HR<sub>rest</sub> will drop, thus the heart rate reserve will increase. Percentage of HRR is equivalent to percentage of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max" title="VO2 max">VO<sub>2</sub></a> reserve.</p>
<dl>
<dd>HRR = HR<sub>max</sub> − HR<sub>rest</sub></dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recovery_heart_rate">Recovery heart rate</span></h2>
<p><i>Recovery heart rate</i> is the heart rate measured at a fixed (or 
reference) period after ceasing activity, typically measured over a one 
minute period.</p>
<p>A slow reduction in the heart rate after exercise may indicate heart 
problems. If the heart rate has dropped by less than 12 bpm one minute 
after stopping exercise this may indicate an increased risk of heart 
attack.<sup id="cite_ref-mort_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mort-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Training regimes sometimes use recovery heart rate as a guide of 
progress and to spot problems such as overheating or dehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-hydr_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydr-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>
 After even short periods of hard exercise it can take a long time 
(about 30 minutes) for the heart rate to drop to rested levels.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Heart_rate_abnormalities">Heart rate abnormalities</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tachycardia">Tachycardia</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia">Tachycardia</a></div>
<p>Tachycardia is a resting heart rate more than 100 beats per minute. 
This number can vary as smaller people and children have faster heart 
rates than average adults.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bradycardia">Bradycardia</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia">Bradycardia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Athlete's heart">Athlete's heart</a></div>
<p>Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute 
although it is seldom symptomatic until below 50&nbsp;bpm when a human 
is at total rest.</p>
<p>Trained <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsperson" title="Sportsperson">athletes</a>
 tend to have slow resting heart rates, and resting bradycardia in 
athletes should not be considered abnormal if the individual has no 
symptoms associated with it. For example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Indurain">Miguel Indurain</a>, a Spanish cyclist and five time <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France">Tour de France</a> winner, had a resting heart rate of 28 beats per minute, one of the lowest ever recorded in a healthy human.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Again, this number can vary as children and small adults tend to have faster heart rates than average adults.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arrhythmia">Arrhythmia</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhythmia">Arrhythmia</a></div>
<p>Arrhythmias are abnormalities of the heart rate and rhythm (sometimes felt as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpitation" title="Palpitation">palpitations</a>).
 They can be divided into two broad categories: fast and slow heart 
rates. Some cause few or minimal symptoms. Others produce more serious 
symptoms of lightheadedness, dizziness and fainting.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ventricular_assist_device">Ventricular assist device</span></h3>
<p>A body with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_assist_device">ventricular assist device</a>,
 or VAD, installed as an aid to a failing heart has no heart beat or 
pulse and therefore no heart rate, because a VAD is a continuous flow 
pump.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Heart_rate_as_a_risk_factor">Heart rate as a risk factor</span></h2>
<p>A number of investigations indicate that faster resting heart rate 
has emerged as a new risk factor for mortality in homeothermic mammals, 
particularly cardiovascular mortality in human beings. Faster heart rate
 may accompany increased production of inflammation molecules and 
increased production of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular 
system, in addition to increased mechanical stress to the heart. There 
is a correlation between increased resting rate and cardiovascular risk.
 This is not seen to be 'using an allotment of heart beats' but rather 
an increased risk to the system from the increased rate. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>An Australian-led international study of patients with cardiovascular
 disease has shown that heart beat rate is a key indicator for the risk 
of heart attack. The study, published in The Lancet (September 2008) 
studied 11,000 people, across 33 countries, who were being treated for 
heart problems. Those patients whose heart rate was above 70 beats per 
minute had significantly higher incidence of heart attacks, hospital 
admissions and the need for surgery. University of Sydney professor of 
cardiology Ben Freedman from Sydney's Concord hospital, said "If you 
have a high heart rate there was an increase in heart attack, there was 
about a 46 percent increase in hospitalizations for non-fatal or fatal 
heart attack."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Standard textbooks of physiology and medicine mention that heart rate (HR) is readily calculated from the ECG as follows:</p>
<p>HR = 1,500/RR interval in millimeters, HR = 60/RR interval in 
seconds, or HR = 300/number of large squares between successive R waves.
 In each case, the authors are actually referring to instantaneous HR, 
which is the number of times the heart would beat if successive RR 
intervals were constant. However, because the above formula is almost 
always mentioned, students determine HR this way without looking at the 
ECG any further.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Athlete's heart">Athlete's heart</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flow">Blood flow</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker">Cardiac pacemaker</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_drift">Cardiovascular drift</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse">Pulse</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2;">
<div class="references">
<ol>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4701" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Resting Heart Rate</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association">American Heart Association</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/tour_de_france_2004/history/3772501.stm" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>,[1991-1995: Big Mig's masterclass, BBC, August 3, 2004]</li>
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Hydration effects on physiological strain of horses during exercise-heat
 stress J Appl Physiol Vol. 84, Issue 6, 2042-2051, June 1998</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.lidco.com/html/clinical/cardiacoutput.asp" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Cardiac Output</a>. LiDCO Ltd. Sales and Marketing. Retrieved on May 1, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6X1H-4TT9GC2-1&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2009&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=high&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;_docanchor=&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=3a496fcd2f4b3e863a2972c8775671f0" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Heart rate, lifespan, and mortality risk"</a> Ageing Research Review 2009;8:52</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/heartbeat-an-indicator-of-disease-risk-study/2008/08/31/1220121048825.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Heartbeat an indicator of disease risk: study"</a> September 1, 2008</li>
</ol>
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</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0">
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<th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(239, 239, 239);" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="#" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Template:Cardiovascular physiology"><span style=";background:#efefef;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=";background:#efefef;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Template talk:Cardiovascular physiology"><span style=";background:#efefef;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=";background:#efefef;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cardiovascular_physiology&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style=";background:#efefef;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology" title="Human physiology">physiology</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiology">cardiovascular physiology</a></span></th>
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<td class="navbox-group" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MistyRose;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart">Heart</a></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Volumes</div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_volume">Stroke volume</a> = <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-diastolic_volume">End-diastolic volume</a> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-systolic_volume">End-systolic volume</a></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output">Cardiac output</a> = <strong class="selflink">Heart rate</strong> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_volume">Stroke volume</a></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterload">Afterload</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preload_%28cardiology%29" title="Preload (cardiology)">Preload</a></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Starling_law_of_the_heart">Frank–Starling law of the heart</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_function_curve">Cardiac function curve</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_return_curve">Venous return curve</a></p>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve_area_calculation">Aortic valve area calculation</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_fraction">Ejection fraction</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_index">Cardiac index</a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_%28heart%29#Dimensions" title="Ventricle (heart)">Dimensions</a></div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_%28heart%29#Dimensions" title="Ventricle (heart)">Fractional shortening</a> = (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-diastolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-diastolic dimension">End-diastolic dimension</a> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-systolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-systolic dimension">End-systolic dimension</a>) / End-diastolic dimension</div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Interaction diagrams</div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cycle">Cardiac cycle</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiggers_diagram">Wiggers diagram</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_volume_diagram">Pressure volume diagram</a></div>
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<td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MistyRose;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker#Control_of_heart_rate" title="Cardiac pacemaker">Tropism</a></div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronotropic">Chronotropic</a> (<strong class="selflink">Heart rate</strong>)&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromotropic">Dromotropic</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduction_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction velocity">Conduction velocity</a>)&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotrope" title="Inotrope">Inotropic</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractility">Contractility</a>)&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batmotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Batmotropic">Batmotropic</a> (Excitability)&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitropy" title="Lusitropy">Lusitropic</a> (Relaxation)</div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a> /<br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiology">Cardiac electrophysiology</a></div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential">Cardiac action potential</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_action_potential">Atrial action potential</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_action_potential">Ventricular action potential</a>)&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_refractory_period">Effective refractory period</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacemaker_potential">Pacemaker potential</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">EKG</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_wave_%28electrocardiography%29" title="P wave (electrocardiography)">P wave</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_interval">PR interval</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QRS_complex">QRS complex</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QT_interval">QT interval</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_segment">ST segment</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_wave">T wave</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_wave">U wave</a>)&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaxial_reference_system">Hexaxial reference system</a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Chamber pressure</div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_venous_pressure" title="Central venous pressure">Central venous pressure/right atrial pressure</a> → <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricular pressure">Right ventricular pressure</a> → <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressure">Pulmonary artery pressure</a> → <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">Pulmonary wedge pressure/left atrial pressure</a> → <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricular pressure">Left ventricular pressure</a> → <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Aortic pressure</a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Other</div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_remodeling">Ventricular remodeling</a></div>
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<td class="navbox-group" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MistyRose;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular system">Vascular system</a>/<br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a></td>
<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0">
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<td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MistyRose;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flow">Blood flow</a></div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compliance_%28physiology%29" title="Compliance (physiology)">Compliance</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_resistance">Vascular resistance</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_peripheral_resistance">Total peripheral resistance</a>)&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse">Pulse</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusion">Perfusion</a></div>
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<td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MistyRose;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure">Blood pressure</a></div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_pressure">Pulse pressure</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systole_%28medicine%29" title="Systole (medicine)">Systolic</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">Diastolic</a>)&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_arterial_pressure">Mean arterial pressure</a></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_venous_pressure">Jugular venous pressure</a></p>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_venous_pressure">Portal venous pressure</a></div>
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<td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% MistyRose;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiology#Regulation_of_blood_pressure" title="Cardiovascular physiology">Regulation of BP</a></div>
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<td style="text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%; padding: 0px;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreflex">Baroreflex</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin-kallikrein_system">Kinin-kallikrein system</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin-angiotensin_system">Renin-angiotensin system</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstrictor" title="Vasoconstrictor" class="mw-redirect">Vasoconstrictors</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilator" title="Vasodilator" class="mw-redirect">Vasodilators</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregulation">Autoregulation</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myogenic_mechanism">Myogenic mechanism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuloglomerular_feedback">Tubuloglomerular feedback</a>)&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraganglia">Paraganglia</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_body">Aortic body</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_body">Carotid body</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomus_cell">Glomus cell</a>)</div>
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<div>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medicine_navs" title="Template:Medicine navs">M</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">HRT</a></p>
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<td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: center; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; width: 10em;">
<div>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heart" title="Template:Heart">anat</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Template:Cardiovascular physiology">phys</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Development_of_circulatory_system" title="Template:Development of circulatory system">devp</a></p>
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<td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: center; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver; width: 10em;">
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heart_diseases" title="Template:Heart diseases">noco</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Congenital_heart_defects" title="Template:Congenital heart defects">cong</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heart_neoplasia" title="Template:Heart neoplasia">tumr</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cardiovascular_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Cardiovascular system symptoms and signs">sysi</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_cardiovascular_system" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for cardiovascular system">epon</a></p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template:Cardiac procedures">proc</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">drug</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cardiac_glycosides" title="Template:Cardiac glycosides">C1A</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antiarrhythmic_agents" title="Template:Antiarrhythmic agents">1B</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cardiac_stimulants_excluding_cardiac_glycosides" title="Template:Cardiac stimulants excluding cardiac glycosides">1C</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vasodilators_used_in_cardiac_diseases" title="Template:Vasodilators used in cardiac diseases">1D</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Clinical_biochemistry_blood_tests" title="Template:Clinical biochemistry blood tests">blte</a></p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medicine_navs" title="Template:Medicine navs">M</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">VAS</a></p>
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<td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: center; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; width: 10em;">
<div>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arteries_and_veins" title="Template:Arteries and veins">anat</a>(a:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arteries_of_head_and_neck" title="Template:Arteries of head and neck">h</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arteries_of_upper_limbs" title="Template:Arteries of upper limbs">u</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arteries_of_thorax" title="Template:Arteries of thorax">t</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arteries_of_abdomen" title="Template:Arteries of abdomen">a</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arteries_of_lower_limbs" title="Template:Arteries of lower limbs">l</a>,v:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_head_and_neck" title="Template:Veins of the head and neck">h</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_upper_extremity" title="Template:Veins of the upper extremity">u</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_thorax_and_vertebral_column" title="Template:Veins of the thorax and vertebral column">t</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Template:Veins of the abdomen and pelvis">a</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_lower_extremity" title="Template:Veins of the lower extremity">l</a>)/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Template:Cardiovascular physiology">phys</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Development_of_circulatory_system" title="Template:Development of circulatory system">devp</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Human_cell_types_derived_primarily_from_mesoderm" title="Template:Human cell types derived primarily from mesoderm">cell</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Angiogenic_proteins" title="Template:Angiogenic proteins">prot</a></p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vascular_diseases" title="Template:Vascular diseases">noco</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Systemic_vasculitis" title="Template:Systemic vasculitis">syva</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Congenital_vascular_defects" title="Template:Congenital vascular defects">cong</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vascular_tumors" title="Template:Vascular tumors">tumr</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cardiovascular_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Cardiovascular system symptoms and signs">sysi</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_cardiovascular_system" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for cardiovascular system">epon</a></p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vascular_procedures" title="Template:Vascular procedures">proc</a>, drug(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Template:Sympatholytic antihypertensives">C2s</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nonsympatholytic_vasodilatory_antihypertensives" title="Template:Nonsympatholytic vasodilatory antihypertensives">n</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Diuretics" title="Template:Diuretics">C3</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Peripheral_vasodilators" title="Template:Peripheral vasodilators">C4</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vasoprotectives" title="Template:Vasoprotectives">C5</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Beta_blockers" title="Template:Beta blockers">C7</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Calcium_channel_blockers" title="Template:Calcium channel blockers">C8</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Agents_acting_on_the_renin-angiotensin_system" title="Template:Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system">C9</a>)</p>
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